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Native American tribes in the U.S. state of Nebraska have been Plains Indians, descendants of succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples who have occupied the area for thousands of years. More than 15 historic tribes have been identified as having lived in, hunted in, or otherwise occupied territory within the current state boundaries.〔Swanton, J.R. (1952) ''The Indian Tribes of North America.'' Washington, DC: General Printing Office. p 283.〕 The 19th-century history of the state included the establishment of eight Indian reservations, including a half-breed tract. Today six tribes have reservations in Nebraska. In 2006 American Indian and Alaska Native persons comprised one percent of the state's population.〔("Nebraska Quickfacts" ), U.S. Census. Retrieved 6/28/08.〕 Towns at the northern border also have relations with on reservations within South Dakota. ==Tribes== Several language groups were represented by the American Indians in present-day Nebraska. The Algonquian-speaking Arapaho lived for more than a thousand years throughout the western part of Nebraska.〔Andersen, J.D. (2001) ''The Four Hills of Life: Northern Arapaho Knowledge and Life Movement''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.〕 In a prehistoric period; Nebraska was home to the Arikara, who spoke a Caddoan language, as did the Pawnee; after 1823 they returned from present-day North Dakota to live with the Skidi Pawnee for two years.〔Deetz, J. (1965) "The Dynamics of Stylistic Change in Arikara Ceramics", ''Illinois Studies in Anthropology No. 4.'' University of Illinois Press, Urbana.〕 The Kiowa once occupied western Nebraska.〔Morton, J.S. (1918) ''History of Nebraska.'' Western Publishing and Engraving Company. p 29.〕 The eastern range of the Algonquian-speaking Cheyenne included western Nebraska, after the Comanche who had formerly lived in the territory had moved south toward Texas.〔Swanton, J.R. (1952) p 283.〕 The Great Sioux Nation, including the ''Ihanktowan-Ihanktowana'' and the ''Lakota'' located to the north and west, used Nebraska as a hunting and skirmish ground, although they did not have any long-term settlements in the state.〔DeMallie, R.J. (2001a). "Sioux until 1850", in ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains. Volume 13, Part 2''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p 740.〕〔DeMallie, R.J. (2001b). "Teton", in ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains. Volume 13, Part 2''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p 810.〕 The Omaha belong to the Siouan-language family of the Dhegihan branch, and have been located along the Missouri River in northeastern Nebraska since the late seventeenth century, after having migrated from eastern areas together with other tribes. Originally living along the Ohio and Wabash rivers to the east, the Omaha, along with the Dhegihan Ponca, moved into Nebraska in the 1670s. Other Siouan-Dheigihan tribes who moved west from the Ohio River about then were the Osage, Kansa and Quapaw, who settled to the southwestern part of the territory. At that point the Ponca split, and the Omaha settled on Bow Creek in present-day Cedar County.〔Fletcher, A.C. (1885) ''Historical Sketch of the Omaha Tribe of Indians in Nebraska.'' Washington: Judd & Detweiler.〕 Before 1700, the Iowa, a Siouan people whose language was Chiwere, moved from the Red Pipestone Quarry into Nebraska.〔Swanton, J.R. (1952) p 264.〕 The Omaha separated from the Ponca at the mouth of White River in present-day South Dakota. The latter moved west into the Black Hills, but later they rejoined the Omaha. The Ponca settled at the Nemaha River while the Omaha became established to the south at Bow Creek. By the Treaty of 1854, the Omaha ceded most of their land to the United States. They moved to a reservation within two years and later shared their land with the Winnebago. Also known by their autonym of Ho-Chunk, the latter moved to the reservation in 1862 after an uprising by the Lakota. The US government later granted land within the Omaha reservation boundaries to the Ho-Chunk, whose descendants still live there.〔("History" ), Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska. Retrieved 6/27/08.〕 In 1877 the United States forced the Ponca tribe to move south to Indian Territory in Oklahoma, although they had wanted to stay on a reservation in Nebraska. The failure of the government to support the people adequately after the removal and poor conditions on the reservation led to many deaths. The US Army's detention of some Ponca leaders who returned to Nebraska was challenged in court and the case followed nationally by many Americans. It resulted in the landmark civil rights case of ''Standing Bear v. Crook'' (1872), which established that American Indians shared in certain rights under the constitution. Following the court case, the US assigned the tribe some land in Nebraska. Today the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska live in Knox County; another part of the people live on their federally recognized reservation in Oklahoma. The Missouri lived south of the Platte River and, along with the Otoe, met with the Lewis and Clark Expedition at the Council Bluff. Like the Iowa, both tribes are part of the Chiwere branch of the Siouan-language family.〔("Fort Atkinson State Historical Park" ), Nebraska Economic Development Council. Retrieved 6/27/08.〕 In 1804 the Otoe had a town on the south side of the Platte River not far from its mouth on the Missouri. On March 3, 1881 the tribe sold all of their land in Nebraska to the federal government and moved to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). In 1830 the Fox Meskwaki and the Sauk, distinct Algonquian-speaking tribes that were closely related, ceded a great deal of land in Nebraska to the United States.〔(1937) ''(Corporate charter of the Sac and Fox Tribe of Missouri of the Sac and Fox Reservation in Kansas and Nebraska. )'' United States Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs. Retrieved 6/27/08.〕 Today the tribes are federally recognized together. The Pawnee, which included four tribes, lived in villages along the Platte River. In the mid-nineteenth century, they ceded all of their lands in Nebraska to the United States except one reservation; in 1876 they surrendered this tract and moved to Indian Territory. The battle of Massacre Canyon on August 5, 1873, was the last major battle between the Pawnee and the Sioux. About 70 Pawnee were killed, mostly women and children.〔"(Massacre Canyon Monument )"〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Native American tribes in Nebraska」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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